Due to the nature of the language, there are some API changes that almost inevitably lead to breaking changes in C#.
While you can easily make another constructor, marking the old one(s) as obsolete, if you use an IOC that allows only a single public constructor, you're forced to either
protected
.In either case, the user has a compile error.
There are several known issues with introducing new methods or changing existing methods on an existing interface. For many of these situations, there are relatively smooth upgrade paths.
I encountered a situation recently that I thought worth mentioning. I wanted to introduce a new overload on an existing type.
Suppose you have the following method:
bool TryGetValue<T>(
out T value,
TKey key = default(TKey),
[CanBeNull] ILogger logger = null
);
We would like to remove the logger
parameter. So we deprecate the method above and declare the new method.
bool TryGetValue<T>(
out T value,
TKey key = default(TKey)
);
Now the compiler/ReSharper notifies you that there will be an ambiguity if a caller does not pass a logger
. How to resolve this? Well, we can just remove the default value for that parameter in the obsolete method.
bool TryGetValue<T>(
out T value,
TKey key = default(TKey),
[CanBeNull] ILogger logger
);
But now you've got another problem: The parameter logger
cannot come after the key
parameter because it doesn't have a default value.
So, now you'd have to move the logger
parameter in front of the key parameter. This will cause a compile error in clients, which is what we were trying to avoid in the first place.
In this case, we have a couple of sub-optimal options.
Use a different name for the new API (e.g. TryGetValueEx
à la Windows) in the next major version, then switch the name back in the version after that and finally remove the obsolete member in yet another version.
That is,
TryGetValue
(with logger) is obsolete and users are told to use TryGetValueEx
(no logger)TryGetValueEx
(no logger) is obsolete and users are told to use TryGetValue
(no logger)TryGetValueEx
.This is a lot of work and requires three upgrades to accomplish. You really need to stay on the ball in order to get this kind of change integrated and it takes a non-trivial amount of time and effort.
We generally don't use this method, as our customers are developers and can deal with a compile error or two, especially when it's noted in the release notes and the workaround is fairly obvious (e.g. the logger
parameter is just no longer required).
Accept that there will be a compile error and soften the landing as much as possible for customers by noting it in the release notes.
In late 2011 and early 2012, Encodo designed a querying language for Quino. Quino has an ORM that, combined with .NET Linq provides a powerful querying interface for developers. QQL is a DSL that brings this power to non-developers.
QQL never made it to implementation---only specification. In the meantime, the world moved on and we have common, generic querying APIs like OData. The time for QQL is past, but the specification is still an interesting artifact, in its own right.
Who knows? Maybe we'll get around to implementing some of it, at some point.
At any rate, you can download the specification from the downloads section.
The following excerpts should give you an idea of what you're in for, should you download and read the 80-page document.
The TOC lists the following top-level chapters:
From the abstract in the document:
The Quino Query Language (QQL) defines a syntax and semantics for formulating data requests against hierarchical data structures. It is easy to read and learn both for those familiar with SQL and non-programmers with a certain capacity for abstract thinking (i.e. power users). Learning only a few basic rules is enough to allow a user to quickly determine which data will be returned by all but the more complex queries. As with any other language, more complex concepts result in more complex texts, but the syntax of QQL limits these cases.
From the overview:
QQL defines a syntax and semantics for writing queries against hierarchical data structures. A query describes a set of data by choosing an initial context in the data and specifying which data are to be returned and how the results are to be organized. An execution engine generates this result by applying the query to the data.
The follow is from chapter 2.1, "Simple Standard Query":
The following query returns the first and last name of all active people as well as their 10 most recent time entries, reverse-sorted first by last name, then by first name.
Person
{
select
{
FirstName; LastName;
Sample:= TimeEntries { orderby Date desc; limit 10 }
}
where Active
orderby
{
LastName desc;
FirstName desc;
}
}
In chapter 2, there are also "2.2 Intermediate Standard Query" and "2.3 Complex Standard Query" examples.
The following is from chapter 2.4, "Simple Grouping Query":
The following query groups active people by last name and returns the age of the youngest person and the maximum contracts for each last name. Results are ordered by the maximum contracts for each group and then by last name.
group Person
{
groupby LastName;
select
{
default;
Age:= (Now - BirthDate.Min).Year;
MaxContracts:= Contracts.Count.Max
}
where Active;
orderby
{
MaxContracts desc;
LastName desc;
}
}
In chapter 2, there are also "2.5 Complex Grouping Query", "2.6 Standard Query with Grouping Query" and "2.7 Nested Grouping Queries" examples.
Any software product should have a version number. This article will answer the following questions about how Encodo works with them.
In decreasing order of expected expertise,
The intended audience of this document is developers.
quino
command-line tool is installed on all machines. This tool can read and write version numbers for any .NET solution, regardless of which of the many version-numbering methods a given solution actually uses.Encodo uses semantic versions. This scheme has a strict ordering that allows you to determine which version is "newer". It indicates pre-releases (e.g. alphas, betas, rcs) with a "minus", as shown below.
Version numbers come in two flavors:
[Major].[Minor].[Patch].[Build]
[Major].[Minor].[Patch]-[Label][Build]
See Microsoft's NuGet Package Version Reference for more information.
0.9.0-alpha34
: A pre-release of 0.9.00.9.0-beta48
: A pre-release of 0.9.00.9.0.67
: An official release of 0.9.01.0.0-rc512
: A pre-release of 1.0.01.0.0.523
: An official release of 1.0.0The numbers are strictly ordered. The first three parts indicate the "main" version. The final part counts strictly upward.
The following list describes each of the parts and explains what to expect when it changes.
This part is also known as "Maintenance" (see Software versioning on Wikipedia).
There will only ever be one artifact of an official release corresponding to a given "main" version number.
That is, if 1.0.0.523
exists, then there will never be a 1.0.0.524
. This is due the fact that the build number (e.g. 524) is purely for auditing.
For example, suppose your software uses a NuGet package with version 1.0.0.523
. NuGet will not offer to upgrade to 1.0.0.524
.
There are no restrictions on the labels for pre-releases. However, it's recommended to use one of the following:
alpha
beta
rc
Be aware that if you choose a different label, then it is ordered alphabetically relative to the other pre-releases.
For example, if you were to use the label pre-release
to produce the version 0.9.0-prealpha21
, then that version is considered to be higher than 0.0.0-alpha34
. A tool like NuGet will not see the latter version as an upgrade.
The name of a release branch should be the major version of that release. E.g. release/1
for version 1.x.x.x.
The name of a pre-release branch should be of the form feature/[label]
where [label]
is one of the labels recommended above. It's also OK to use a personal branch to create a pre-release build, as in mvb/[label]
.
A developer uses the quino
tool to set the version.
For example, to set the version to 1.0.1, execute the following:
quino fix -v 1.0.1.0
The tool will have updated the version number in all relevant files.
The build server calculates a release's version number as follows,
The name of the Git branch determines which kind of release to produce.
**/release/*
, then it's an official releaseFor example,
origin/release/1
origin/production/release/new
origin/release/
release/1
production/release/new
release/
The name of the branch doesn't influence the version number since an official release doesn't have a label.
The label is taken from the last part of the branch name.
For example,
origin/feature/beta
yields beta
origin/feature/rc
yields rc
origin/mvb/rc
yields rc
The following algorithm ensures that the label can be part of a valid semantic version.
X
after a trailing digitX
if the label is empty (or becomes empty after having removed invalid characters)For example,
origin/feature/rc1
yields rc1X
origin/feature/linux_compat
yields linuxcompat
origin/feature/12
yields X
Assume that,
Then,
origin/release/1
produces artifacts with version number 0.9.0.522
origin/feature/rc
produces artifacts with version number 0.9.0-rc522
The following are very concise guides for how to produce artifacts.
feature/rc
, master
)quino fix -v 1.0.2.0
release/1
)quino fix -v 1.0.2.0
The summary below describes major new features, items of note and breaking changes.
The links above require a login.
At long last, Quino enters the world of .NET Standard and .NET Core. Libraries target .NET Standard 2.0, which means they can all be used with any .NET runtime on any .NET platform (e.g. Mac and Linux). Sample applications and testing assemblies target .NET Core 2.0. Tools like quinogenerate
and quinofix
target .NET Core 2.1 to take advantage of the standardized external tool-support there.
Furthermore, the Windows, Winform and WPF projects have moved to a separate solution/repository called Quino-Windows
.
Quino-Standard
is the core on which both Quino-Windows
and Quino-WebAPI
build.
Quino-Windows
target .NET Framework 4.6.2 because that's the first framework that can interact with .NET Standard (and under which Windows-specific code runs).Quino-WebAPI
currently target .NET Framework 4.6.2. We plan on targeting .NET Core in an upcoming version (tentatively planned for v7).IIdentity
everywhere (deprecating ICredentials
and IUserCredentials
).6.0 is a pretty major break from the 5.x release. Although almost all assembly names have stayed the same, we had to move some types around to accommodate targeting .NET Standard with 85% of Quino's code.
We've tried to support existing code wherever possible, but some compile errors will be unavoidable (e.g. from namespace changes or missing references). In many cases, R#/VS should be able to help repair these errors.
These are the breaking changes that are currently known.
IRunSettings
and RunMode
from Encodo.Application
to Encodo.Core
.Any .NET Framework executable that uses assemblies targeting .NET Standard must reference .NET Standard itself. The compiler (MSBuild
) in Visual Studio will alert you to add a reference to .NET Standard using NuGet. This applies not just to Winform executables, but also to any unit-test assemblies.
One piece that has changed significantly is the tool support formerly provided with Quino.Utils
. As of version 6, Quino no longer uses NAnt
, instead providing dotnet
-compatible tools that you can install using common .NET commands. Currently, Quino supports:
dotnet quinofix
dotnet quinogenerate
dotnet quinopack
Please see the tools documentation for more information on how to install and use the new tools.
The standalone Winforms-based tools are in the Quino-Windows
download, in the Tools.zip
archive.
Quino.Migrator
Quino.PasswordEncryptor
Quino.Utils
is no longer supported as a NuGet package.
The summary below describes major new features, items of note and breaking changes.
The links above require a login.
This is the last planned release on the 5.x branch of Quino. The future lies with Quino 6, which targets .NET Standard and .NET Core wherever possible.
AddDefaultExceptionDetailsFormatters()
to UseDefaultExceptionDetailsFormatters()
Encodo.Monitor
ProcessExtensions.StopChild()
to StopAndClose()
IProcessParameters.Timeout
to IProcessParameters.TimeoutInMilliseconds
IDataGeneratePluginInitializer
to IDataGeneratorPluginInitializer
Encodo.Application.Standard
to Encodo.Plugins
PasswordEncryptionType
has been replaced with HashAlgorithm
GetSearchClass(IMetaClass)
was moved from Quino.Meta
to Quino.Builders
GetLayout
no longer has a default value for the layoutType
parameter (pass LayoutType.Detail
to get the previous behavior)IKeyValueNode.GetValue()
has been moved to an extension method. You may need to include the namespace Encodo.Nodes
.Quino.Bookmarks
have been changed from Encodo.Quino.Bookmarks.Bookmarks
to Encodo.Quino.Bookmarks
.Quino.Module.Schema.Wpf
namespace to Encodo.Quino.Module.Schema.Wpf
.Tests
to the Testing
namespace (e.g. EncodoServicesBasedTestsBase
and EncodoTestsBase
).IFinalizerBuilderProvider
so that applications no longer need to include the MetaStandardBuilder
in models.Whiile an application no longer needs to manage the insertion point of the MetaStandardBuilder
and therefore no longer needs to override PostFinalize()
instead of a more relevant method, this is a breaking change for certain situations. For example, if a builder overrode PostFinalize()
and expected the finalizer builders included in MetaStandardBuilder
to have already run previously.
The workaround is to either:
IProvide
using something like the following in your application startup.application.Configure<IFinalizerBuilderProvider>(
p =>
{
p.Register<MyOwnFinalizerBuilder>();
p.Remove<FallbackLayoutBuilder>();
}
);
Automatic generation of relation captions has changed slightly.
Whereas previously, the captions of the target class were always used, the FallbackCaptionBuilder
now only does this if the name of the relation has not been changed from the default.
If the name was changed to something else, then that name is used for relation captions. For example, if you make a relation from a Company
to a Person
called People
, then Quino will still use the captions from the class. This allows your application to set the caption on the class and it will be used for many relations.
However, if you create a similar relation, but rename it to CEO
, Quino will no longer use the class captions, since in this case Person
and People
(and translations) are no longer appropriate. In this case, CEO
and CEOs
is more appropriate.
In this case, the captions in the default language will be more appropriate but the captions for other languages previously taken from the class will no longer be used on the relation.
The summary below describes major new features, items of note and breaking changes. The full list of issues is in the release notes and is available to those with access to the Encodo issue tracker.
Encodo has updated its technology stack for SPAs. Current and future projects will use a combination of React Component States, React Contexts and Redux:
The following article provides justification and reasoning for the conclusions listed above.
Encodo have undertaken a number of Single Page Application (SPA) projects over the last several years. During this time, web technologies, common standards and best practices have changed significantly. As such, these projects each had different configurations and used different sets of web technologies.
The last two years have brought a reduction in churn in web technologies. Encodo have therefore decided to evaluate SPA libraries with the goal of defining a stack that will be stable for the next few years. The outcome of this evaluation proposes a set of best practices in architecting an SPA, and most importantly, architecting an SPA’s state.
Having undertaken an earlier evaluation of SPA rendering libraries, Encodo’s SPA projects have all relied upon the Javascript library React. To date, the company still feels that React provides an adequate and stable platform upon which to build SPAs.
Where the company feels its knowledge can be improved upon, is how state should be structured in an SPA, and which SPA state libraries, or combination of libraries, provide the most maintainable, stable and readable architectures. As such, this evaluation will only focus on discussing SPA-state libraries and not SPA-rendering libraries.
Encodo focusses on both the building and maintenance of elegant solutions. It is therefore paramount that these software solutions are stable, yet future-proof in an ever-changing world. Many of Encodo’s clients request that solutions be backward-compatible with older browsers. An SPA state library must therefore adhere to the following criteria:
Redux was released over three years ago and has amassed over 40,000 stars on Github. The project team provides a thorough set of tutorials, and software developers are additionally able to find a plethora of other resources online. Furthermore, with almost 15,000 related questions on StackOverflow, the chances of finding unique problems that other developers haven’t previously encountered are slim. Redux has over 600 contributors, and although its main contributors currently work for Facebook, the library is open source in its own right and not owned by Facebook.
Redux is an implementation of the Flux pattern; that is, you have a set of stores
that each hold and maintain part of an application state. Stores register with a dispatcher
, and by connecting to the dispatcher, receive notifications of events (usually as a result of a user input, but often also as a result of an automated process, e.g. a timer which emits an event each second). In the Redux world, these events are called actions
. An action is no more than a Javascript object containing a type
(a descriptive unique id) and optional additional information associated with that event.
Example 1 – A basic Redux action
Imagine a scenario where a user clicks on a button. Clicking the button toggles the application’s background colour. If the button were connected to Redux, it would then call the dispatcher and pass it an action:
{
type: ‘TOGGLE_BACKGROUND_COLOUR’
}
Example 2 – A Redux action with a payload
Suppose now the application displayed an input field which allowed the user to specify a background colour. The value of the text field could be extracted and added as data to the action:
{
type: ‘TOGGLE_BACKGROUND_COLOUR’,
payload: {
colour: ‘red’ // Taken from the value of the text field, for example
}
}
—
When the dispatcher receives an action, it passes the action down to its registered stores. If the store is configured to process an action of that type, it runs the action through its configuration and emits a modified state. If not, it simply ignores the action.
Example 3 – Processing an action
Suppose an application had two stores:
Store X has an initial state { colour: ‘red’ }
and is configured to process TOGGLE_BACKGROUND_COLOUR
actions. If it encounters an action of this type, it is configured to set its state to the colour in the action’s payload.
Store Y has an initial state { users: [] }
and is configured to process USER_LOAD
actions. If it encounters an action of this type, it is configured to set its state to the users in the action’s payload.
Suppose the following occurs:
TOGGLE_BACKGROUND_COLOUR
action is sent to the dispatcher with payload { colour: ‘green’ }
.The result would be:
Store Y ignores this action as it is not configured to process actions of the TOGGLE_BACKGROUND_COLOUR
type. It therefore maintains its state as { users: [] }
.
Store X on the other hand, is configured to process TOGGLE_BACKGROUND_COLOUR
actions and emits the modified state { colour: ‘green’ }
.
—
Views
bind the stores and dispatcher together. Views are as their name suggests; the application’s visual components.
When using Redux in combination with React, Views
, in the Redux sense, are React components that render parts of the state (e.g. the application’s background colour) and re-render when those parts of the state change.
Redux doesn’t have to be used in conjunction with React, so the general definition of a view is a construct that re-renders every time the part of the state it watches changes. Views are additionally responsible for creating and passing actions to the dispatcher. As an example, a view might render two elements; a div displaying the current colour and a toggle button which, when clicked, sends a TOGGLE_BACKGROUND_COLOUR
action to the dispatcher.
Figure 1: The flow of a Redux application
Software written following Redux’s guidelines is readable, quick to learn and easy to work with. Whilst Redux’s verbosity is often cited as a pitfall, the level of detail its verbosity provides helps debugging. Debugging is also aided by a highly detailed, well-constructed, browser extension; Redux DevTools. At any given point in time, a developer can open up Redux DevTools and not only be presented with an overview of an application’s state, but the effect of each action on the state. That’s certainly a tick in the box for Redux when it comes to ease of debugging.
Pairing Redux with React is as simple as installing and configuring the react-redux
library. The library enforces a certain pattern of integrating the two, and as such, React-Redux projects are generally structured in similar ways. This is incredibly beneficial for developers, as the learning curve when jumping into new Redux-based projects is significantly reduced.
Redux also allows applications to rehydrate
their state. In non-Redux terms, this means that when a Redux application starts, a developer can provide the application with a previously saved state. This is incredibly useful in instances where an application’s state needs to be persisted between sessions, or when data from the server needs to be cached. As an example, suppose our application sends data to and from an authenticated API and needs to send an authentication token on each request. It’d be impractical if this token were to be lost every time the page was refreshed or the browser closed. Redux could instead be configured so that the authentication token always be persisted and then re-retrieved from the browser’s Local Storage when the application started. The ability to re-hydrate a state can also lead to significantly faster application start-up times. In an application which displays a list of users, Redux could be configured to cache/persist the list of users, and on startup, display the cached version of that list until the application has time to make an API call to fetch the latest, updated list of users.
All in all, Redux proves itself to be a library which is easy to learn, use and maintain. It provides excellent React integration and the community around it offer a plethora of tools that help optimise and simplify complicated application scenarios.
As previously mentioned, Redux is considered verbose; that is, a software developer has to write a lot of code in order to connect a View to a Dispatcher. Many regard this as ‘boilerplate’ code, however, the author considers this a misuse of the word ‘boilerplate’, as code is not repeated, but rather, a developer has to write a lot of it.
Additionally, while Redux describes the flow and states very well, its precision negatively impacts on refactoring and maintainability. If there is significant change to the structure of the components, it's very difficult to modify the existing actions and reducers. It's not hard to lose time trying to find the balance between refactoring what you had and just starting from scratch.
Example 4 – The disadvantages of Redux
class Foo Extends React.Component {
render() {
return (
<div onClick={this.props.click}>
{this.props.hasBeenClicked
? “I’ve been clicked”
: “I haven’t been clicked yet”
}
</div>
);
}
}
Consider the bare-bones example above that illustrates:
If we were to use Redux as the state store for this scenario, we’d have to:
What could remain a fairly small file if we were to use, say, class Foo’s component state (see the React Component State chapter for details), would end up as a series of long files if we were to use Redux. Clearly Redux’s forte doesn’t lie in managing a purely presentational component’s state.
Furthermore, suppose we had fifty presentational components like Foo, whose states were only used by the components themselves. Storing each component’s UI state in the global application state would not only pollute the Redux state tree (imagine having fifty different reducers/actions just to track tiny UI changes), but would actually slow down Redux’s performance. There’d be a lot of state changes, and each time the state changed, Redux would have to calculate which views were listening on that changed state and notify them of the changes.
Managing the state of simple UI/presentational components is therefore not a good fit for Redux.
Redux’s strengths lie in acting as an application’s global state manager. That is, Redux works extremely well for state which needs to be accessed from across an application at various depths. Its enforcement of common patterns and its well-constructed developer tools means that developers can reasonably quickly open up unfamiliar Redux-based projects and understand the code. Finally, the out of the box ability to save/restore parts of the state means that Redux outweighs most other contenders as a global state manager.
At the time of writing, as with Redux, Mobx was first released over three years ago. Although still sizeable, its community is much smaller than Redux’s; it has over 16,000 stars on Github and almost 700 related questions on StackOverflow. The library is maintained by one main contributor, and although other contributors do exist, the combined number of their commits is dwarfed by those from the main contributor.
In its most basic form, Mobx implements the observer pattern. In practice, this means that Mobx allows an object to be declared as an ‘observable’ which ‘observers’ can then subscribe to and receive notifications of the observable object’s changes. When combining Mobx with React, observers can take the form of React components that re-render each time the observables they’re subscribed to change, or basic functions which re-run when the observables they reference change.
What Mobx lacks in community support, it makes up for in its ease of setup. Re-implementing Example 4 above using Mobx, a developer would simply:
Example 5 – A simple Mobx setup
@observer
class Foo Extends React.Component {
hasBeenClicked = observable(false);
render() {
return (
<div onClick={() => this.hasBeenClicked.set(true)}>
{this.hasBeenClicked.get()
? “I’ve been clicked”
: “I haven’t been clicked yet”
}
</div>
);
}
}
Short and sweet. Mobx at its finest.
—
The tree-like state structures required by Redux can feel rather limiting. In contrast, a developer using Mobx as a global state manager could encapsulate the global state in several singleton objects, each making up part of the state. Although there are recommended guidelines for using this approach (Mobx Store, Mobx project structure), these aren’t as readily enforced by Mobx as Redux does its recommended ways of structuring code.
Mobx proves itself as a worthy candidate for managing the state of UI/presentational components. Furthermore, it offers the flexibility of being able to declare observables/observers anywhere in the application, thus preventing pollution of the global application state and allowing some states to be encapsulated locally within React components. Finally, when used as a global application state manager, the ability to model the global state in an object-orientated manner can also seem more logical than the tree structure enforced by Redux.
Mobx seems great so far; it’s a small, niche library which does exactly what it says on the tin. Where could it possibly go wrong? Lots of places…
For starters, Mobx’s debugging tool is far inferior to the host of tools offered by the Redux community. Mobx-trace work perfectly well when trying to ascertain who/what triggered an update to an observable, or why an observer re-rendered/re-executed, but in contrast to Redux DevTools, it lacks the ability to gain an overview of the entire application state at any given point in time.
Moreover, Mobx doesn’t come with any out of the box persist/restore functionality, and although there are libraries out there to help, these libraries have such small user bases that they don’t provide Typescript support. The Mobx creator has, in the past, claimed that it wouldn’t be too hard for a developer to write a custom persistence library, but having simple, out of the box persist/restore functionality as Redux does is still favourable.
Beyond the simplicity presented in Example 5, Mobx is a library that provides an overwhelming number of low-level functions. In doing so, and in not always providing clear guidelines describing the use-cases of each function, the library allows developers to trip up over themselves. As examples, developers could read the Mobx documentation and still be left with the questions:
In summary, the relatively small community surrounding Mobx has led to the library lacking in a solid set of developer tools, add-on libraries and resources to learn about its intricacies. Ultimately this is a huge negative aspect and should be heavily considered when opting to use Mobx in an SPA.
As a library, Mobx has huge potential; its core concepts are simple and the places in which it lacks could easily be improved upon. Its downfall, however, is the fact that it only has one main contributor and a small community surrounding it. This means that the library lacks, and will lack, essentials such as in-depth tutorials and development tools.
Added to this, as of Mobx v5, the library dropped support for IE11. In doing so, the library now fails to meet Encodo’s cross-compatibility requirements. The current claim is that Mobx v4 will remain actively supported, but with a limited number of contributors, it is debatable whether or not support for v4 will remain a priority.
Beyond the lack of IE11 support, Mobx's lack of coherent guidelines, sub-par debugging tools and free reign given to developers to architect projects as they please makes for problematic code maintenance.
React was initially released over five years ago and from its inception, has always offered a way of managing and maintaining state. Here we must note, that whilst a state management system exists, it is not intended to be used as a global state management system. Instead, it is designed to function as a local state system for UI/presentational components. As such, the evaluation of React Component states will only focus on the benefits and drawbacks of using it as a local state manager.
React component state is an easy to learn, easy to use framework for managing a small UI state.
Example 6 – Component state
class Foo Extends React.Component {
state = {
hasBeenClicked = false
};
render () {
return (
<div
onClick={() => this.setState({ hasBeenClicked: true })}
>
{this.state.hasBeenClicked
? “I’ve been clicked”
: “I haven’t been clicked yet”
}
</div>
);
}
}
Refreshingly simple.
Configuring a Component state can be as simple as:
React Component State is just as concise as the similar MobX example above, without introducing a separate library.
React component states aren’t well architected to managing the states of hierarchies of UI components.
Example 7 – The drawbacks of using Component state
class Foo Extends React.Component {
state = {
hasBeenClicked: false,
numberOfClicks: 0
};
onClick = () => {
return this.setState(
(previousState) =>
({
hasBeenClicked: true,
numberOfClicks: previousState.numberOfClicks + 1
})
);
}
render() {
return (
<div>
<FooDisplay
hasBeenClicked={this.state.hasBeenClicked}
numberOfClicks={this.state.numberOfClicks}
/>
<Button onClick={this.onClick} />
</div>
);
}
}
class FooDisplay extends React.Component {
render() {
return (
<div>
{this.props.hasBeenClicked
? “I’ve been clicked”
: <CountDisplay
numberOfClicks={this.props.numberOfClicks}
/>
}
</div>
);
}
}
class CountDisplay extends React.Component {
render() {
return (
<div>
I’ve been clicked {this.props.numberOfClicks} times
</div>
);
}
}
class Button Extends React.Component {
render () {
return (
<button onClick={this.props.onClick}>
Click me
</button>
);
}
}
Although basic, the example above attempts to illustrate the following:
numberOfClicks
prop is to pass it down further. This feels a bit sloppy, but is the only way of getting numberOfClicks
down to CountDisplay when using Component State.React Component States are often overlooked. Yes, they are limited and only work well for a single specific use case (managing the UI state of a single component), but component states do this extremely well. Software developers often claim that they need more fully-fledged state management libraries such as Redux or Mobx, but if just used to manage UI states, they’d probably be mis-using these libraries.
React component state is as its name suggests; a way of managing state for a single component. React has this functionality built-in, begging the question; is there ever really a use-case for using an alternative library to manage a single component’s state?
React 16.3 introduced a public-facing ‘Context’ API. Contexts were part of the library prior to the public API, and other libraries such as Redux were already making use of it as early as 2 years ago.
React Contexts excel where the Component State architecture begins to crumble; with Contexts, applications no longer have to pass state data down through the component tree to the consumer of the data. Like Redux, React Contexts aren’t well suited to tracking the state of single presentational components; an application tracking single component states with Contexts would end up being far too complicated. Rather, React Contexts are useful for managing the state of hierarchies of presentational components.
React Contexts allow developers to encapsulate a set of UI components without affecting the rest of the application. By encapsulating the state of a hierarchy of UI components, the hierarchy can be used within any application, at any depth of a component tree. Contexts furthermore allow developers to model UI state in an OO structure. In this sense, React Contexts (in addition to React Component State) provide many of the advantages of Mobx (again, without pulling in a separate library).
UI states are quite often a set of miscellaneous booleans and other variables which don’t necessarily fit into hierarchical tree structures. The ability to encapsulate these variables into one, or several objects is much more fitting. The last benefit of using Contexts is that they allow all components below the hierarchy’s root component to retrieve the state without interfering with intermediary components in the process.
Example 8 – React Contexts
class VisibilityStore = {
isVisible = true;
toggle = () => this.isVisible = !this.isVisible;
}
const VisibilityContext = React.createContext(VisibilityStore);
class Visibility extends React.Component {
store = new VisibilityStore();
render() {
return (
<VisibilityContext.Provider value={store}>
<VisibilityButton />
<VisibilityDisplay />
</VisibilityContext.Provider>
);
}
}
class VisibilityButton extends React.Component {
render() {
return (
<VisibilityContext.Consumer>
{(context) => <button onClick={context.toggle} />}
</VisibilityContext.Consumer>
);
}
}
class VisibilityDisplay extends React.Component {]
render() {
return (
<VisibilityContext.Consumer>
{
(context) =>
<div>
{context.isVisible
? ‘Visible’
: ‘Invisible’
}
</div>
}
</VisibilityContext.Consumer>
);
}
}
The example above exemplifies modelling the UI state as an object (VisibilityStore
), retrieving the UI state (VisibilityDisplay
) and finally updating the state (VisibilityButton
). Although a simple example, it depicts how state can be accessed at various depths of the component tree without affecting intermediary nodes.
Using Contexts to manage the state of single components would be overkill. Contexts are also ill-equipped to be used as global state managers; they lack a persist/re-load mechanism, and additionally, lack debugging tools which would help provide an overview of the application’s state at any given point in time.
React Contexts are well suited to a single use-case; managing the state of a group of UI components. Contexts, on their own, aren’t the solution to managing the state of an entire SPA, but the React team’s public release of the Context API comes at a time where it is common to see SPA states bloated full of UI-related state. Developers should therefore seriously consider trimming down their global application states by making use of Contexts.
Although the main React-compatible state management libraries have already been evaluated in this document, it is important to evaluate alternative libraries that are growing in popularity.
Undux was first released a year ago and sells itself as a lightweight Redux alternative. In just under a year it has amassed nearly 1000 Github stars. That being said, the library still lacks a community around it; there’s still only one main contributor and resources on the library are scarce. Having a single contributor means that the library suffers from under-delivering on essential features like state selectors.
That aside, Undux seems like a promising library; it strips out the verbosity of React, works with React’s debugging tools, supports Typescript and is highly cross-browser compatible. If the size of Undux’s community and number of contributors were to increase, it could be a real contender to Redux.
Like Undux, React Easy State was released over a year ago and has amassed just over 1000 Github stars. It sells itself as an alternative to Mobx and has gained a strong community around it. Both official and non-official resources are plentiful, Typescript support comes out of the box and the library’s API looks extremely promising. React Easy State, however, cannot be considered an SPA management library for Encodo’s purposes as it doesn’t support (and states it will never support) Internet Explorer.
Software libraries are built out of a need to solve a specific problem, or a set of specific problems. Software developers should be mindful of using libraries to solve these sets of problems, and not overstretch libraries to solve problems they weren’t ever designed to solve. Dan Abramov’s blogpost on why Redux shouldn’t be used as the go-to library for all SPA state management problems highlights this argument perfectly.
In light of this, Encodo propose that the use of multiple libraries to solve different problems is beneficial, so long as there are clear rules detailing when one library should be used over another. Having evaluated several different SPA state management libraries, Encodo conclude by suggesting that SPAs should use a combination of Redux, React Contexts and React Component states:
Mobx has been omitted from the list of recommendations, as upon evaluation, Encodo conclude that it does not meet their requirements. Mobx is a library which exposes a large surface area, thereby offering solutions to a wide range of problems, but not providing a small set of optimised solutions. Many of the advantages of Mobx – mapping state in an OO manner and concise, simple bindings – are provided by React Component State and React Context.
The contender to Mobx, React Easy State, has also been omitted from Encodo’s recommendations, as although it is certainly a promising library with a growing community surrounding it, the library doesn’t support Internet Explorer and therefore does not fulfil Encodo’s requirements.
Finally, although Undux could be a strong contender in replacing Redux, at the time of writing, Encodo feel that the library is not mature enough to be a production-ready, future proof choice and therefore also exclude it from their list of recommendations.
The title is a bit specific for this blog post, but that's the gist of it: we ended up with a bunch of references to an in-between version of .NET (4.6.1) that was falsely advertising itself as a more optimal candidate for satisfying 4.6.2 dependencies. This is a known issue; there are several links to MS GitHub issues below.
In this blog, I will discuss direct vs. transient dependencies as well as internal vs. runtime dependencies.
If you've run into problems with an application targeted to .NET Framework 4.6.2 that does not compile on certain machines, it's possible that the binding redirects Visual Studio has generated for you use versions of assemblies that aren't installed anywhere but on a machine with Visual Studio installed.
How I solved this issue:
<AutoGenerateBindingRedirects>true</AutoGenerateBindingRedirects>
to your project)The product should now run locally and on other machines.
For more details, background and the story of how I ran into and solved this problem, read on.
What do we mean when we say that we "build" an application?
Building is the process of taking a set of inputs and producing an artifact targeted at a certain runtime. Some of these inputs are included directly while others are linked externally.
The machine does exactly what you tell it to, so it's up to you to make sure that your instructions are as precise as possible. However, you also want your application to be flexible so that it can run on as wide an array of environments as possible.
Your source code consists of declarations. We've generally got the direct inputs under control. The code compiles and produces artifacts as expected. It's the external-input declarations where things go awry.
What kind of external inputs does our application have?
How is this stitched together to produce the application that is executed?
The NuGet dependencies are resolved at build time. All resources are pulled and added to the release on the build machine. There are no run-time decisions to make about which versions of which assemblies to use.
Dependencies come in two flavors:
It is with the transient references that we run into issues. The following situations can occur:
An application generally includes an app.config
(desktop applications or services) or web.config
XML file that includes a section where binding redirects are listed. A binding redirect indicates the range of versions that can be mapped (or redirected) to a certain fixed version (which is generally also included as a direct dependency).
A redirect looks like this (a more-complete form is further below):
<bindingRedirect oldVersion="0.0.0.0-4.0.1.0" newVersion="4.0.1.0"/>
When the direct dependency is updated, the binding redirect must be updated as well (generally by updating the maximum version number in the range and the version number of the target of the redirect). NuGet does this for you when you're using package.config
. If you're using Package References, you must update these manually. This situation is currently not so good, as it increases the likelihood that your binding redirects remain too restrictive.
NuGet packages are resolved at build time. These dependencies are delivered as part of the deployment. If they could be resolved on the build machine, then they are unlikely to cause issues on the deployment machine.
Where the trouble comes in is with dependencies that are resolved at execution time rather than build time. The .NET Framework assemblies are resolved in this manner. That is, an application that targets .NET Framework expects certain versions of certain assemblies to be available on the deployment machine.
We mentioned above that the algorithm sometimes chooses the desired version or higher. This is not the case for dependencies that are in the assembly-binding redirects. Adding an explicit redirect locks the version that can be used.
This is generally a good idea as it increases the likelihood that the application will only run in a deployment environment that is extremely close or identical to the development, building or testing environment.
How can we avoid these pesky run-time dependencies? There are several ways that people have come up with, in increasing order of flexibility:
To sum up:
Our application targets .NET Framework (for now). We're looking into .NET Core, but aren't ready to take that step yet.
To sum up the information from above, problems arise when the build machine contains components that are not available on the deployment machine.
How can this happen? Won't the deployment machine just use the best match for the directives included in the build?
Ordinarily, it would. However, if you remember our discussion of assembly-binding redirects above, those are set in stone. What if you included binding redirects that required versions of system dependencies that are only available on your build machine ... or even your developer machine?
We actually discovered an issue in our deployment because the API server was running, but the Authentication server was not. The Authentication server was crashing because it couldn't find the runtime it needed in order to compile its Razor views (it has ASP.Net MVC components). We only discovered this issue on the deployment server because the views were only ever compiled on-the-fly.
To catch these errors earlier in the deployment process, you can enable pre-compiling views in release mode so that the build server will fail to compile instead of a producing a build that will sometimes fail to run.
Add the <MvcBuildViews>true</MvcBuildViews>
to any MVC projects in the PropertyGroup
for the release build, as shown in the example below:
<PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'Release|AnyCPU' ">
<DebugType>pdbonly</DebugType>
<Optimize>true</Optimize>
<OutputPath>bin</OutputPath>
<DefineConstants>TRACE</DefineConstants>
<ErrorReport>prompt</ErrorReport>
<WarningLevel>4</WarningLevel>
<LangVersion>6</LangVersion>
<MvcBuildViews>true</MvcBuildViews>
</PropertyGroup>
We mentioned above that NuGet is capable of updating these redirects when the target version changes. An example is shown below. As you can see, they're not very easy to write:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<configuration>
<runtime>
<assemblyBinding xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1">
<dependentAssembly>
<assemblyIdentity name="System.Reflection.Extensions" publicKeyToken="B03F5F7F11D50A3A" culture="neutral"/>
<bindingRedirect oldVersion="0.0.0.0-4.0.1.0" newVersion="4.0.1.0"/>
</dependentAssembly>
<!-- Other bindings... -->
</assemblyBinding>
</runtime>
</configuration>
Most bindings are created automatically when MSBuild emits a warning that one would be required in order to avoid potential runtime errors. If you compile with MSBuild in Visual Studio, the warning indicates that you can double-click the warning to automatically generate a binding.
If the warning doesn't indicate this, then it will tell you that you should add the following to your project file:
<AutoGenerateBindingRedirects>true</AutoGenerateBindingRedirects>
After that, you can rebuild to show the new warning, double-click it and generate your assembly-binding redirect.
When MSBuild generates a redirect, it uses the highest version of the dependency that it found on the build machine. In most cases, this will be the developer machine. A developer machine tends to have more versions of the runtime targets installed than either the build or the deployment machine.
A Visual Studio installation, in particular, includes myriad runtime targets, including many that you're not using or targeting. These are available to MSBuild but are ordinarily ignored in favor of more appropriate ones.
That is, unless there's a bit of a bug in one or more of the assemblies included with one of the SDKs...as there is with the net461 distribution in Visual Studio 2017.
Even if you are targeting .NET Framework 4.6.2, MSBuild will still sometimes reference assemblies from the 461 distribution because the assemblies are incorrectly marked as having a higher version than those in 4.6.2 and are taken first.
I found the following resources somewhat useful in explaining the problem (though none really offer a solution):
How can you fix the problem if you're affected?
You'll generally have a crash on the deployment server that indicates a certain assembly could not be loaded (e.g. System.Runtime
). If you show the properties for that reference in your web application, do you see the path C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2017\BuildTools\MSBuild\Microsoft\Microsoft.NET.Build.Extensions\net461
somewhere in there? If so, then your build machine is linking in references to this incorrect version. If you let MSBuild generate binding redirects with those referenced paths, they will refer to versions of runtime components that do not generally exist on a deployment machine.
Tips for cleaning up:
C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2017\BuildTools\MSBuild\Microsoft\Microsoft.NET.Build.Extensions\net461
in the output?A sample warning message:
[ResolvePackageFileConflicts] Encountered conflict between 'Platform:System.Collections.dll' and 'CopyLocal:C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2017\BuildTools\MSBuild\Microsoft\Microsoft.NET.Build.Extensions\net461\lib\System.Collections.dll'. Choosing 'CopyLocal:C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2017\BuildTools\MSBuild\Microsoft\Microsoft.NET.Build.Extensions\net461\lib\System.Collections.dll' because AssemblyVersion '4.0.11.0' is greater than '4.0.10.0'.
As mentioned above, but reiterated here, this what I did to finally stabilize my applications:
<AutoGenerateBindingRedirects>true</AutoGenerateBindingRedirects>
to your project)When you install any update of Visual Studio, it will silently repair these missing files for you. So be aware and check the folder after any installations or upgrades to make sure that the problem doesn't creep up on you again.
I just ran into an issue recently where a concrete implementation registered as a singleton was suddenly not registered as a singleton because of architectural changes.
The changes involved creating mini-applications within a main application, each of which has its own IOC. Instead of creating controllers using the main application, I was now creating controllers with the mini-application instead (to support multi-tenancy, of which more in an upcoming post).
Controllers are, by their nature, transient; a new controller is created to handle each incoming request.
In the original architecture, the concrete singleton was injected into the controller and all controller instances used the same shared instance. In the new architecture, the registration was not present in the mini-application (at first), which led to a (relatively) subtle bug: a transient and freshly created instance was injected into each new controller.
In cases where the singleton is a stateless algorithm, this wouldn't be a logical problem at all. At the very worst, you're over-allocating---but you probably wouldn't notice that, either. In this case, the singleton was a settings object, configured at application startup. The configured object was still in the main application's IOC, but not registered in the mini-application's IOC.
Because the singleton was registered on a concrete type rather than an interface, the semantic error occurred silently instead of throwing a lifestyle-mismatch or unregistered-interface exception.
This is only one of the reasons that I recommend using interfaces as the anchoring type of an IOC registration.
To fix the issue, I did exactly this: I extracted an interface from the class and used the interface everywhere (except for the implementing type of the registration). Re-running the test caused an immediate exception rather than a strange data bug (which resulted because the default configuration in the concrete type was just correct enough to allow it to limp to a result).
To show an example, instead of the following,
application.RegisterSingle<ApiSettings>()
I used,
application.RegisterSingle<IApiSettings, ApiSettings>()
This still didn't fix the crash because the mini-application doesn't get that registration automatically.
I also can't use the same registration as above because that would just create a new unconfigured ApiSettings
in each mini-application (the same as I had before, but now as a singleton). To go that route, I would have to replicate the configuration-loading for the ApiSettings
as well. And I don't want to do that.
Instead, I just injected the IApiSettings
from the main application to the component responsible for creating the mini-application and registered the object as a singleton directly, as shown below.
public class MiniApplicationFactory
{
public MiniApplicationFactory([NotNull] IApiSettings apiSettings)
{
if (apiSettings = null) { throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(apiSettings(); }
_apiSettings = apiSettings;
}
IApplication CreateApplication()
{
return new Application().UseRegisterSingle(_apiSettings);
}
[NotNull]
private readonly IApiSettings _apiSettings;
}
On a side note, whereas C# syntax has become more concise and powerful from version to version, I still think it has a way to go in terms of terseness for such simple objects. For such things, Kotlin and TypeScript nicely illustrate what such a syntax could look like.1
I mentioned above that this is only "one" of the reasons I don't like registering concrete singletons. The other two reasons are:
I'm still waiting for C# to clean up a bit more of this syntax for me. The [NotNull]
should be a language feature checked by the compiler so that the ArgumentNullException
is no longer needed. On top of that, I'd like to see parameter properties, as in TypeScript (this is where you can prefix a constructor parameter with a keyword to declare and initialize it as a property). With a few more C#-language iterations that included non-nullable reference types and parameter properties, the example could look like the code below:
public class MiniApplicationFactory
{
public MiniApplicationFactory(private IApiSettings apiSettings)
{
}
IApplication CreateApplication()
{
return new Application().UseRegistereSingle(apiSettings);
}
}
In recent articles, we outlined a roadmap to .NET Standard and .NET Core and a roadmap for deployment and debugging. These two roadmaps taken together illustrate our plans to extend as much of Quino as possible to other platforms (.NET Standard/Core) and to make development with Quino as convenient as possible (getting/upgrading/debugging).
To round it off, we've made good progress on another vital piece of any framework: documentation.
We recently set up a new server to host Quino documentation. There, you can find documentation for current releases. Going forward, we'll also retain documentation for any past releases.
We're generating our documentation with DocFX, which is the same system that powers Microsoft's own documentation web site. We've integrated documentation-generation as a build step in Quino's nightly build on TeamCity, so it's updated every night (Zürich time) 1.
The documentation includes conceptual documentation which provides an overview/tutorials/FAQ for basic concepts in Quino. The API Reference includes comprehensive documentation about the types and methods available in Quino.
While we're happy to announce that we have publicly available documentation for Quino, we're aware that we've got work to do. The next steps are:
Even though there's still work to do, this is a big step in the right direction. We're very happy to have found DocFX, which is a very comprehensive, fast and nice-looking solution to generating documentation for .NET code.2
--
If the build succeeds, naturally. :-)↩
We used to use Sandcastle many years ago, but dropped support because it took forever to generate documentation, required its own solution file, didn't look very nice out-of-the-box, wasn't so easily customized and didn't have a very good search (which also didn't work without an IIS running it).↩